This brief outlines the history of digital ID within the Kenyan context, capturing citizens’ concerns about participating in a new ID system that lacks transparency and accountability, fails to address existing challenges, and appears to offer little or no added user value in a context of high digital adoption and market-led digital innovation.

It also examines the conditions and contexts necessary for digital public infrastructure (DPI) interventions to deliver meaningful benefits to citizens. While Kenya’s DPI journey may be unique, it raises broader questions about DPI specific to countries with low trust in state capacity environments– questions we must address to ensure these systems are responsible and generate positive outcomes.

Digital ID is a crucial layer of DPI, often seen as essential for meeting documentation requirements and facilitating access to affordable digital financial services. In Kenya, a country that has led innovation in digital financial services, the government is rolling out a new digital ID, the Maisha Namba, which some view as a significant step in the country’s broader DPI journey. However, others express strong skepticism and frustration, citing poor past experiences with government digitalization efforts and concerns about potential risks, such as exclusion, misuse, and ineffective investments.

DPI has the potential to enhance the design and delivery of digital financial services, improving consumers’ experiences and outcomes. While countries like India and Brazil have become models of successful and scalable DPI in emerging markets, success in delivering meaningful benefits to citizens can vary by country depending on factors such as state capacity, accountability, and rule of law. More research is needed to understand the safeguards and conditions under which DPI can be meaningful and beneficial to all.


Authors

Julie Zollmann

Independent Consultant

Dr. Julie Zollmann is a development researcher and consultant based in Nairobi. She studies the ways that ordinary people in the Global South interact with their digitizing world. She is especially interested in how digitization affects livelihoods, healthcare, and citizenship. Her most recent academic work examines several dimensions of job quality—earnings, dignity, and voice—in platform-mediated work with a focus on digital drivers in Kenya. She consults with a range of practitioner agencies on programming aimed at increasing incomes and resilience in Africa. She is the author of Living on Little (Practical Action 2020), based on the Kenya Financial Diaries study. Julie holds a PhD in international relations with a focus on development economics and African studies from The Fletcher School at Tufts University. 

Nanjira Sambuli

Fellow in the Technology and International Affairs Program, The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Nanjira Sambuli is a researcher, policy analyst and strategist studying the unfolding, gendered impacts of digitalization/ICT adoption on governance, diplomacy, media, entrepreneurship, and culture, especially in Africa. Nanjira is a Fellow in the Technology and International Affairs Program at The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, and a Ford Global Fellow. She is a board member at  Development Gateway and Digital Impact Alliance, a Diplomacy Moderator at the Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA) and advises the Carnegie Council’s AI and Equality Initiative. Nanjira previously led digital equality advocacy efforts at the World Wide Web Foundation, and worked at iHub Nairobi, where she provided strategic guidance for growth of technology innovation research in the East Africa region. She has also served as a board member at  The New Humanitarian, co-chair of Transform Health, as a Commissioner on the Lancet & Financial Times Governing Health Futures 2030 Commission, as a panel member on the United Nations Secretary General’s High-Level Panel on Digital Cooperation, and as a deputy on the United Nations Secretary General’s High-Level Panel for Women’s Economic Empowerment

Catherine Wanjala

Research Consultant

Catherine (“Cate”) Wanjala is an experienced Research Consultant based in Nairobi, Kenya, with a diverse portfolio that spans various roles and projects within the field of financial inclusion and innovation. Her career includes significant contributions as a research assistant, project manager, and field manager on impactful projects such as the Kenya Financial Diaries, Finance in Displacement (FIND) Kenya, and the Small Firm Diaries. Cate’s extensive knowledge and hands-on experience in qualitative research are pivotal to her role in data analysis, particularly in areas focusing on gender, savings groups, and the cultural dimensions of economic development. She holds a Bachelor’s degree in Anthropology from the University of Nairobi.

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